Components of the Immune System Explained

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1. Which are the components of the innate immune system?
Physical barriers, phagocytic cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, complement proteins, and cytokines.
2. Which are the components of adaptive immune system? B and T lymphocytes, antibodies, and memory cells.
3. What is immune tolerance?
The immune system’s ability to avoid attacking self-antigens.
4. What are the major cell types of innate immunity?
Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, eosinophils, and basophils.
5. What are the major cell types of adaptive immunity? B cells and T cells (CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic).
6. Neutrophils: general characteristics.
First responders with multilobed nuclei; phagocytic and abundant in acute inflammation.
7. Eosinophils: general characteristics.
Involved in parasitic infections and allergic responses; bilobed nuclei and granules.
8. Basophils: general characteristics.
Rare granulocytes that mediate allergic reactions by releasing histamine.
9. Mast cells: general characteristics.
Tissue-resident cells involved in allergy and defense against parasites; release histamine and other mediators.
10. Monocytes/Macrophages: general characteristics.
Monocytes circulate in blood and differentiate into macrophages in tissues; perform phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
11. What are the main types of dendritic cells?
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), and monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
12. NK cells: general characteristics.
Lymphocytes that kill virus-infected and tumor cells without prior sensitization.
13. What are the professional APCs?

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
14. What is clonal selection?
Activation and expansion of lymphocytes that specifically recognize an antigen.
15. Effector B cells: definition, examples.
Activated B cells that produce antibodies, mainly plasma cells.